“What disorders are best treated with cognitive therapy?”

Great question, you must be very smart, Any depression and anxiety where you need to change a few cognitive errors and need some gentle thought changes and/or correction to lead you to the right path.
Hope that helps!! Keep up with the great questions.

Assumptions, interpretations, judgments, beliefs, and points of personal philosophy can lead to a wide range of problems that show up as disorders ranging from anxiety, pessimism, shame, guilt, anger, resentment, and depression to physical expressions of distress, on up to wild conspiracy thinking. Cognitive therapy works by bringing these thoughts into awareness, untangling errors and distortions, and replacing them with ones that are more accurate, more evidence-based, and less hurtful.
I hope this is helpful.

See this link:
https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy
or
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/about/pac-20384610