Health in Focus Series | Understanding Restless Leg Syndrome | Carlos R. Santos Guzman, MD
Dr. Carlos Santos practices Pulmonology in North Miami Beach, Florida. A pulmonologist is a physician who possesses specialized knowledge and skill in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary conditions and diseases. Dr. Santos manages patients who need life support and mechanical ventilation, and is specially trained in... more
Understanding Restless Legs Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a condition characterized by an overwhelming urge to move the legs. This urge is often triggered by uncomfortable sensations in the legs, typically occurring in the evening or at night when a person is sitting or lying down. Moving the legs temporarily relieves the discomfort, which can significantly disrupt sleep and interfere with daily activities.
Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome
The primary symptom of RLS is the strong urge to move the legs, accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. These sensations often start after a person has been resting or sitting for an extended period, such as during a long car ride, airplane flight, or while watching a movie. Movement, such as stretching, jiggling the legs, pacing, or walking, typically provides temporary relief. Symptoms usually worsen in the evening or at night, making it difficult to fall or stay asleep. RLS is often associated with another condition called periodic limb movement of sleep, where the legs twitch and kick throughout the night.
People with RLS describe the sensations in their legs as crawling, creeping, pulling, throbbing, aching, itching, or electric. These sensations are usually felt deep within the leg rather than on the skin. Although the symptoms can fluctuate, they tend to worsen with age. It’s common for RLS symptoms to improve at times and then return.
When to See a Doctor
If you experience symptoms of RLS that interfere with your sleep or daily activities, it's important to consult a healthcare professional. RLS can significantly impact your quality of life, causing daytime drowsiness and affecting your overall well-being.
Causes of Restless Legs Syndrome
In many cases, the exact cause of RLS is unknown. Researchers believe that an imbalance of the brain chemical dopamine, which sends messages to control muscle movement, may play a role. Some evidence suggests that RLS may be hereditary, especially if symptoms begin before age 40. Researchers have identified potential genetic links to the condition on certain chromosomes.
Risk Factors for Restless Legs Syndrome
RLS can develop at any age, including during childhood, but it becomes more common with increasing age. Women are more likely to develop RLS than men. Although RLS usually isn’t related to a serious underlying medical condition, it can sometimes occur in conjunction with other health issues, such as:
- Peripheral Neuropathy: This condition involves damage to the nerves in the hands and feet, often due to chronic diseases like diabetes or alcohol use disorder.
- Iron Deficiency: Low levels of iron in the body can cause or worsen RLS. People who have a history of bleeding in the stomach or bowels, heavy menstrual periods, or who frequently donate blood may be at risk.
- Kidney Failure: Individuals with kidney failure often have iron deficiency and anemia, which can contribute to RLS.
- Spinal Cord Conditions: Damage or injury to the spinal cord, including from spinal anesthesia, can increase the risk of developing RLS.
- Parkinson’s Disease: Those taking dopaminergic agonists for Parkinson’s disease may have a higher risk of RLS.
Complications of Restless Legs Syndrome
RLS can range from mild to severe and can significantly affect a person's life. Many people with RLS have difficulty falling or staying asleep, leading to chronic sleep deprivation. This can result in excessive daytime drowsiness, which can interfere with daily activities and reduce overall quality of life. In severe cases, RLS can lead to depression due to the persistent disruption of sleep and its impact on daily functioning.
Managing and Treating Restless Legs Syndrome
Simple self-care steps and lifestyle changes can help manage RLS symptoms. These may include maintaining a regular sleep schedule, engaging in moderate exercise, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, and practicing good sleep hygiene. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms and improve sleep quality. If you suspect you have RLS, it's important to seek medical advice to explore appropriate treatment options and improve your quality of life.
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